Congenital fusion anomalies throat coat

          A congenital anomaly is defined as a birth defect resulting from abnormal organ development during pregnancy....

          INTRODUCTION

          Congenital anomalies are the product of errors in embryogenesis (malformations) or the result of intrauterine events that affect embryonic and fetal growth (deformations and disruptions) [1].

          Klippel–Feil syndrome is congenital fusion of two or more cervical vertebrae.

        1. Klippel-Feil syndrome is a genetic disorder of the spine that is present at birth.
        2. A congenital anomaly is defined as a birth defect resulting from abnormal organ development during pregnancy.
        3. Cervical spine instability in children is rare but not exceptional and may be due to many factors.
        4. Because of the congenital fusion of the cervical motion segments in the KFS patient, abnormal mechanical loading can occur.

          5. The more complex the formation of a structure, the more opportunities for malformation. (See "Congenital anomalies: Approach to evaluation".)

          Defects in the formation and growth of the jaw, oral cavity, and pharynx lead to a variety of malformations.

          The embryology, clinical features, and management of congenital anomalies of the oral cavity and pharynx are reviewed here. Congenital anomalies of the ear, nose, and upper aerodigestive tract are discussed separately. (See appropriate topic reviews.)

          EMBRYOLOGY

          The oral cavity is separated from the nasal cavity posteriorly by midline fusion of the secondary palate and anteriorly by the approximation of the primary palate to these shelves [2].

          The two one-halves of the lower jaw arise from mesenchyme derived from the first branchia